I. INTRODUCTION
Tensions between observations and theories of gravity and cosmology have existed for decades. The recent standard theory has been general relativity (GR) for gravity and \(\Lambda \) cold dark matter (LCDM) for cosmology. I choose to lump these together in this document (GRLCDM). There has been a decades long disagreement between astronomy and physics. Astronomers believe that GRLCDM does not allow enough time for observed large-scale organization of matter. Observations from JWST favor the astronomers. Recent observations by JWST seem to have destroyed LCDM cosmology. Tensions between observations of Hubble’s parameter ([1] and [2]) and predictions using GRLCDM are well past the breaking point. I believe these problems render GRLCDM seriously suspect.
A. A model for a post relativity universe
Instead of focusing on proving that GRLCDM is a wrong theory (there are dozens of proofs), I will look at this problem in a different way. If GRLCDM is wrong, then a new theory must replace it. What form could that new theory take? In what follows, I will develop a model which is entirely different from GRLCDM—named NCNG after this document.
The main features of NCNG are simple. Cosmology has nothing to do with space-time or matter. Gravity has nothing to do with space-time. Cosmology and gravity have nothing to do with each other. NCNG is very complex but flexible. General invariance is an obvious casualty of NCNG (seriously wrong). One will discover that special relativity is a casualty as well (but an excellent approximation to reality). Appendix A has informative historical-observations and commentary about the source of the ideas leading to the NCNG revolution.
NCNG represents a new philosophy about nature and descriptive theories. GR has been popular because it is elegantly simple (beautiful)—an ancient Greek requirement. Unfortunately, GR is too simple (hence rigid). Rigidity requires special additions to arrive at the correct description (e.g., dark matter). I believe that the universe is ugly—lots of complex interconnections. One will discover that NCNG must be ugly as well.
In all that follows, the hypothesis is that GRLCDM is a wrong theory. Thus, any observation or theoretical conclusion that involves GRLCDM is suspect (re-examination is required). Thousands of papers from the past are suspect. That is why the NCNG bibliography is skimpy. The NCNG revolution will be very unpopular with professors, but decades of re-examinations by graduate students will be required—endless thesis topics.
B. Studying this document
I apologize for using so many acronyms (Appendix Y), but new things need new names. This document is meant to be read and studied in the order of the contents. All the equations and concepts are new—never seen before. One must spend many hours to understand the totality. Random examination of subsections is a recipe for confusion and misunderstandings.
The standard model date corresponds to the Appendix Z set of universal constants used for calculations of examples and figures in the current document. As new observations and research occur, the set of constants will be periodically updated. The new constants will be used to calculate a new set of examples and figures in a new document. Corrections and new equations will also be added to the new document—a work in progress. It is important to keep in mind that the universal constants in Appendix Z are not independent. There are many constraints imposed on them.